Nanotechnology

Nano Scale

Proponents say the implications for nano scale manufacturing are nothing short of revolutionary. Because they build product molecule by molecule-even products on the macro scale-nano factories will offer unprecedented gains in manufacturing speed, precision and energy efficiency. We read of surgical robots smaller than a human cell, introduced into the human body to remove tumors, repair cells or better oxygenate the blood. Supercomputing marvels such as the Earth Simulator, currently housed in a building roughly the size of a football field, could be built the size of a grain of rice and run on two watts of power, according to one leading voice in the field. Rapid prototyping will speed up research and development significantly, a particular concern in aerospace, where prototypes can take years and millions of dollars to build. Molecular manufacturing will allow a new airplane with revised specifications to be built in a day or two.

Some say this is the future of industrial manufacturing, and some are banking on it. But how do we get there? And how long will it take? To answer these questions, we need to peer into the black box and start with the molecules themselves.

In simplest terms a nano factory is a manufacturing system, much like the assembly line or processing plant we are familiar with, but working on an atomic scale. It uses tools, machine parts, blueprinting and computer control to precisely manipulate molecular feedstock and make product. These components are the building blocks of molecular manufacturing, in which external machines exercise molecule-by-molecule control of products and by-products via positional chemical synthesis. External control of the reactions, using techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), is the key to successful molecular manufacturing, and is the main distinguishing factor between it and other kinds of nanotechnology. Essentially, molecular manufacturing is similar to computer-aided design and manufacturing in that it uses computer-controlled tools and computer aided translation from structure to operation sequence to deliver blueprints directly to the nano scale for whatever product is desired.

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